Such fungi form specialized infection structures which allow direct penetration of the plant cuticle. May 10, 2018 the biotrophic pathogen ustilago maydis, the causative agent of corn smut disease, infects one of the most important crops worldwide zea mays. Ustilago maydis also employs the secreted effector pep1 to suppress the host defence response. Mar 01, 2020 ustilago maydis is a pathogenic fungus that causes smut disease in maize. A secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides. Ustilago maydis is a maize fungal pathogen, which has served as a model. The smut fungus ustilago maydis establishes a biotrophic interaction with its host plant maize in which the infected host cells stay alive. We identified a novel secreted protein, termed pep1. Pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis, is required for successful. The ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant immunity.
Pathogenicity determinants in smut fungi revealed by genome. Ustilago maydis 200c ustilago maydis pellet out of scope out of scope for rxnorm and will not receive rxnorm normal forms. The biotrophic development of ustilago maydis studied by rna. The basidiomycete ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize. The pep1 protein comprises 178 aa and is expected to be cleaved behind a putative nterminal secretion signal figure. Pheromones trigger filamentous growth in ustilago maydis. Once inside the plant, complimentary strains of ustilago maydis. Pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis, is required for successful invasion of plant cells plos pathog. In this study, the essential effector pep1 is shown to act. The corn smut ustilago maydis establishes a biotrophic interaction with its host plant maize. The smut fungus ustilago maydis parasitizes maize and establishes a. A secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides maize leaf cells to form tumors amey redkar,a,1 rafal hoser,b lena schilling,a bernd zechmann,c magdalena krzymowska,b virginia walbot,d and gunther doehlemanna,e,2 a max planck institute for terrestrial microbiology, department of organismic interactions, d35043 marburg, germany b institute of biochemistry and biophysics, polish academy. Putative orthologs of ustilago maydis effectors screened from. The pep1 protein comprises 178 aa and is expected to be cleaved.
Hemetsberger c, herrberger c, zechmann b, hillmer m, doehlemann g 2012 the ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant immunity by inhibition of host peroxidase activity. Cas9hf1 enhanced specificity in ustilago maydis sciencedirect. Putative orthologs of ustilago maydis effectors screened. Pep1 function is conserved in the ustilago hordei barley interaction after 454 sequencing of the genome of the barley covered smut fungus ustilago hordei j. The biotrophic smut fungus ustilago maydis infects all aerial organs of maize zea mays and induces tumors in the plant tissues. May 08, 2017 the ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant immunity by inhibition of host peroxidase activity. Our research aims to understand this modulation of the plant immune system both by. Smutinfected plants display characteristic tumors, consisting of hypertrophied plant tissue and massive numbers of black fungal teliospores. The biotrophic fungus ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize with. Development of a realtime fluorescence loopmediated. The fungus forms galls on all aboveground parts of corn species. Ustilago maydis is the causal agent of the disease known as corn smut or huitlacohe. In addition, it became evident that pep1 is not only essential for virulence of u. The maize pathogen ustilago maydis has to undergo various morphological transitions.
Based on these results, we conclude that pep1 has a conserved function essential for establishing compatibility that is not restricted to the u. Released journal article pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis, is required for successful invasion of plant cells. Ustilago maydis corn smut is dimorphic filamentous fungus that together with mushrooms and many other fungi belongs to phylum basidiomycota. Maize tumors caused by ustilago maydis require organ. We identified a novel secreted protein, termed pep1, that is essential for. Two linked genes encoding a secreted effector and a membrane. The ustilago maydis forkhead transcription factor fox1 is involved. Frontiers insights into host cell modulation and induction. To test the impact of pep1 on maize peroxidases, apoplastic fluid of maize leaves was isolated. Smut fungal strategies for the successful infection. In mexico there is an evidence of its use as human food since prehispanic times. Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut disease, is a basidiomycete fungus parasitizing only maize and its wild progenitor teosinte both zea mays l. This interaction requires efficient suppression of. Pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis, is required for successful invasion of plant cells.
These data indicate that cce1 is a core effector with apoplastic localization that is essential for u. So far the function of only very few of the many novel effectors has been elucidated in the u. Kahmann, unpublished we identified an ortholog of pep1 that shows 61% identity to u. Out of scope information includes radiopharmaceuticals, contrast media, herbals, homeopathics, and food. The core effector pep1 protein essential for penetration 1 also acts in. Pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis, is required for. The functionally conserved effector sta1 is a fungal cell.
Previously, pep1 was found to be an inhibitor of apoplastic plant peroxidases, which suppresses the oxidative burst, a primary immune response of the host plant and enables fungal colonization. Altmetric pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago. Feb 06, 2009 author summary for many fungi that infect plants, successful invasion is coupled to a series of differentiation steps that are necessary to breach the plant cuticle. Given the finding that pep1 resides in the plant apoplast, one could hypothesize that during u. Ustilago zeae has the common name of corn smut or boil smut. Redkar a, hoser r, schilling l, zechmann b, krzymowska m, walbot v, doehlemann g 2015 a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides maize leaf cells to form tumors. Help pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects. In contrast, there are effectors with accessory functions that optimize host colonization but are not necessary for pathogens to complete their life cycle. Jan 27, 2015 the secreted fungal effector pep1 is essential for penetration of the host epidermis and establishment of biotrophy in the ustilago maydis maize pathosystem. This interaction requires efficient suppression of plant immune responses, which is attributed to secreted effector proteins. Pep1 function is conserved in the ustilago hordei barley interactionafter 454 sequencing of the genome of the barley covered smut fungus ustilago hordei j. Ustilago maydis is a fungal pathogen that causes corn smut. The ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant immunity by inhibition of host peroxidase activity c hemetsberger, c herrberger, b zechmann, m hillmer, g doehlemann plos pathog 8 5, e1002684, 2012.
Signal peptide peptidase activity connects the unfolded. Pdf pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis. The ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant immunity by inhibition of host peroxidase activity. The secreted fungal effector pep1 is essential for penetration of the host epidermis and establishment of biotrophy in the ustilago maydis maize pathosystem. The basidiomycete ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of maize zea mays, one of the worlds most important cereal crops. May 10, 2012 given the finding that pep1 resides in the plant apoplast, one could hypothesize that during u. Previously, pep1 was found to be an inhibitor of apoplastic plant peroxidases, which suppresses the oxidative burst, a primary immune response of the host plant and enables fungal. Dimorphic means that the fungus exists in two forms. Pseudozyma saprotrophic yeasts have retained a large. In a previous study, we identified the secreted effector protein pit2, which is essential for maintenance of biotrophy. Identification of pep1 the pep1 gene um01987 resides on chromosome 3 of the u. Colonization of the host plant is initiated by direct penetration of cuticle and cell wall of maize epidermis cells.
Based on the established close genomic synteny between s. Maize tumors caused by ustilago maydis require organspecific. May 01, 2020 pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis, is required for successful invasion of plant cells plos pathog. The smut fungus ustilago maydis establishes a biotrophic interaction with its host plant maize in which the infected host cells. The core effector cce1 is required for early infection of maize by. The deletion of the gene um01987, which encodes the effector protein pep1, leads to a complete loss of pathogenicity. Two linked genes encoding a secreted effector and a. Apr, 20 the basidiomycete ustilago maydis causes smut disease on maize, which is characterized by plant tumors that develop on all aerial parts of the host plant. Ustilago maydis effectors and their impact on virulence. Oct 17, 2017 ustilago maydis is the causative agent of common smut of corn, which is considered to be one of the major prevalent diseases of maize plants in china.
The ustilago maydiseffector pep1 suppresses plant immunity by. Summary the secreted fungal effector pep1 is essential for penetration of the. Pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis,is. Ustilago maydis is a plantpathogenic fungus that estab.
Author summary for many fungi that infect plants, successful invasion is coupled to a series of differentiation steps that are necessary to breach the plant cuticle. It is edible, and is known in mexico as the delicacy huitlacoche. Therefore, suppression of the host immune system is essential for successful infection. Pep1, a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis, is. The fungal core effector pep1 is conserved across smuts of. This is based on the highly advanced genetic system for both the pathogen and its host, the ability to propagate u. Ustilago maydis reprograms cell proliferation in maize. May 29, 2017 ustilago maydis is a wellestablished model fungal pathogen that serves to dissect host cell modulation in a biotrophic interaction brefort et al.
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungus that induces formation of tumors in maize. Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen causing smut disease in maize zea mays banuett, 1995. Previously, deletion analysis demonstrated that several effectors have important functions in inducing tumor expansion specifically in maize leaves. Ustilago maydis, a delicacy of the aztec cuisine and a model. The core effector cce1 is required for early infection of. There are two phases to the life cycle of ustilago maydis. Characterization of the largest effector gene cluster of. Previously we identified pep1 protein essential during penetration1 as a secr.
Unlike oncogenic agents that reactivate cell division, u. Dailymed ustilago maydis 200c ustilago maydis pellet. It can infect all aboveground tissues of maize plants and induces local tumor formation within two weeks after infection under glasshouse conditions kamper et al. The pep1 gene um01987 resides on chromosome 3 of the u. Fungal development of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis. Conservation of the ustilago maydis effector see1 in related smuts. For instance, pep1 is an effector of the maize smut pathogen ustilago maydis that is indispensable for penetration of the host epidermis. Corn smut is a plant disease caused by the pathogenic fungus ustilago maydis that causes smut on maize and teosinte. The invading hyphae are surrounded by the plant plasma membrane and proliferate within the plant tissue. Ustilago maydis can infect plants through the leaves or the silks christensen, 1963. The ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant. Pep1, a conserved effector is needed for penetration. The fungal core effector pep1 is conserved across smuts of dicots.
Jun 22, 2011 ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen that colonizes living tissue of its host plant maize. The basidiomycete ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize, with large plant tumors being formed as the most prominent disease symptoms. Pep1 has been shown to be compulsory for penetration of epi dermal cells. A secreted ustilago maydis effector promotes virulence by targeting. Pdf the ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant.
The ustilago maydis maize pathosystem has emerged as the current model for plant pathogenic basidiomycetes and as one of the few models for a true biotrophic interaction that persists throughout fungal development inside the host plant. The smut fungus ustilago maydis establishes a biotrophic interaction with its. Based on transcriptional upregulation during biotrophic development we identified the pit p roteins i mportant for t umours cluster, a novel gene cluster comprising four genes of which two are predicted to encode secreted effectors. Ustilago maydis, the causative agent of corn smut disease, depends on a variety of secreted effector proteins, to establish a biotrophic interaction with its host plant maize. Infection by this smut fungus triggers tumor formation in aerial plant parts within which the fungus sporulates. Pep1 protein essential for penetration1 is involved in penetration and the establishment of initial compatibility by targeting and inhibiting the activity of the plant peroxidase pox12 doehlemann et al. The putative phospholipase lip2 counteracts oxidative damage. The maize smut fungus ustilago maydis is a model organism for elucidating host colonization. A secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides maize. Pdf compatibility in the ustilago maydismaize interaction. Pep1 localizes in the host apoplast and to sites of cell. The gall inducing, biotrophic fungus ustilago maydis grows with intra and extracellular. Ustilago maydis corn smut fungus imported taxonomic identifier i. The barley covered smut fungus ustilago hordei contains an ortholog of pep1 which is needed for penetration of barley and which is able to complement the u.
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